I'm pretty sure this is a headspace issue. Looking at the fired casing being measured with a shoulder gage that casing is bulging just above the case head says a lot.. This normally happens when you resize your casing and push the shoulder to far back. That's the reason the primer was pushed out of the primer pocket. You need to measure your shot casing and only bump your shoulder back .002 and this problem should stop.. You are also shooting a high pressure round and could be opening up your primer pocket if you are shooting them at max. loads. As for the obstruction in your barrel it had to be something inside your casing that came out with the powder.. I would also take your bolt apart and inspect the firing pin and components.. More severe problems could happen if your firing pin was damaged...