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To describe the difference we would need to know what model of 12 and what model of 10. Either way they use the same action. There could be finish difference some model 12's are blue some are stainless. Some model 10's are blue, some are parkerized, and some have a camouflage coating. All model 12's have a varminter (Heavy) barrel, some model 10's have a sporter barrel some have a varminter barrel and some have ones in-between. Some model 12 have a laminate wood stock, some have an HS precision stock, and some have a plastic stock. Some model 10's have a solid wood stock, some have a McMillan stock, some have the accu-stock, some have HS precision stocks, and some have plastic. You need to be more specific such as what is the difference between a model 12 vlp, and a 10fp.
Yes savage changed the stock design the newer guns have a wider flatter bottom on the plastic stocks. In the model 12FV
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